進口車“暴利”到底進了誰的口袋之一

近日，有媒體報道稱，不少在售進口車型的國內售價為國外售價的2~3倍，而國內的進口車價格之所以高企不下，除了高關稅以外，更重要的原因是廠商壟斷價格以牟取暴利。中國“入世”以後，中國車主本來可以享受到更多與世界同步的車型，卻要付出比國外消費者多幾倍的“血汗錢”，進口車的暴利到底進了誰的口袋?是高關稅還是廠商代理商的壟斷定價?本期“汽車週刊”，資訊時報記者不僅蒐羅了目前國內外市場最新在售車型的價格作對比，更蒐集多方聲音一同來揭秘這個處於風口浪尖的謎題。

　　現狀—— 降低關稅後，車價仍翻3倍

　　記者了解到，在2001年加入WTO前，中國的汽車關稅稅率曾高達70%~80%，直至中國2001年，作為加入WTO的先決條件，中國宣佈將在5年之後降低關稅稅率至25%，也就是說，到2006年，中國的進口車關稅稅率實際上已經由之前的70%~80%降低至25%。

　　但有意思的是:進口關稅從原來的80%降到了現在的25%，曾一度高達10萬元的進口車許可證被取消了，人民幣不斷升值。如此多的利好條件，進口車的價格不降反漲。

　　以4.4L的2014款寶馬M6 Gran Coupe基本版車型為例，這款車在北美售價為115225美元(約合人民幣約72.6萬元)，記者在寶馬官網上查詢該車型指導價為239.5萬元人民幣。售價翻倍約在3.2倍左右。

　　再來看看排量在4.0L以下的車型情況，2014款奧迪Q7在北美最新售價為46800美元(約合人民幣29.5萬元)，而這款車型在國內的起步指導價為82.7萬元人民幣。入華後在國內售價翻倍分別為2.8倍。

　　算賬—— 進口車要交的稅費貴過車價

　　中國稅務報總編輯近日發文回應:單從表面上看，中國關稅是25%，其實並不算非常離譜。但是除此之外，進口汽車還要交納17%的增值稅，以及最高為40%的消費稅(消費稅根據排氣量的不同在1%~40%間浮動，其中排氣量3.0~4.0之間為25%，排氣量4.0升以上為40%)，疊加計算的話，汽車進口到岸綜合稅率(關稅+消費稅+增值稅)為47.7%~143.7%，其中排氣量3.0升~4.0升區間的綜合稅率為95.4%，排氣量4.0升以上的綜合稅率為143.7%。所以完稅價=到岸價格+關稅+消費稅+增值稅。

　　接下來，資訊時報記者就以凱迪拉克品牌下的凱雷德2010款6.0 Hybrid為例計算。目前這款凱雷德標配車在國內的廠家指導價為139.8萬元，而此款車在原產地美國的售價，標配價格為73425美元。扣除毛利，一輛車出廠價約為7萬美元，折合人民幣約為45萬元。加上海外運輸成本(包括海運和美國當地運輸)等約為2000美元(約為1.3萬元人民幣)，此款凱雷德到岸價則為46.3萬元人民幣。需要繳納關稅11.58萬元，消費稅38.58萬元，增值稅16.4萬元。在繳納完25%的關稅、40%的消費稅和17%的增值稅之後，成本價已攀升至112.86萬元。而辦理商檢等各種報關手續也需要一定的費用，大概在2萬元左右，至於國內運輸、倉儲等費用則約為1萬元。

　　由此可以算出，一輛凱雷德2010款6.0 Hybrid其成本價大概為115.86萬元人民幣，到達國內代理商定價前，減去車型本身的出廠價45萬元，該車型稅費加上各項費用成本為70.86萬元，也即相當於車價的1.5倍左右。

　　300萬元左右的豪車 代理商利潤最高可達50萬

　　按照我國的汽車品牌銷售管理辦法，進口車銷售需獲得廠家授權，而各汽車企業在華設立的投資公司，即是該品牌進口車在中國的總經銷商。“由於實現了對進口車資源、渠道及定價的全面決定權，作為進口車經營鏈條的全面掌控者是有理由為自己預留了豐厚的利潤。”一位接近某品牌中國總經銷人士透露道，“刨去關稅，一台國內零售價在250萬~320萬的進口車，總代理最高可獲得50多萬元的利潤。”

　　由於近年來進口車市場被國內高消費潛力全面打開，幾乎大部分的跨國公司在中國的進口車業務都是盈利的，而且利潤率遠遠高於歐洲和美國市場。以2012年進口車銷量增速排名第一的捷豹路虎為例，其全年共賣出7.33萬輛車，毛利潤超過350億元人民幣，國產車企業的利潤與之相比，相差懸殊。

　　200多萬元的豪車 經銷商每台車最多賺20萬

　　一位不願具名的日係進口車商坦言“經銷商賺的並沒有收的稅多”。以雷克薩斯LS600hL為例，他說:“國內售價238萬元左右的雷克薩斯LS600hL，每台經銷商能賺到的利潤大概有26萬元，但現在的市場狀況早已不允許鐵打的價格不跳水，這款車型目前普遍的優惠都有8~10萬元以上，這樣一來經銷商可賺的就更少了。”

　　而從目前的情況看，總代理批發給經銷商的車價中已經加上運費、管理費、豪華4S店的建設費，在車價受到市場競爭而下滑時，國內經銷商的利潤就變相縮水。

Car

For other types of motorized vehicles, see Motor vehicle. For other uses, see Car (disambiguation), Automobile (disambiguation), and Cars (disambiguation).
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Car
Benz-velo.jpg
Benz "Velo" model (1894) by German inventor Carl Benz – entered into an early automobile race as a motocycle[1][2]
Classification Vehicle
Industry Various
Application Transportation
Fuel source Gasoline, Diesel, Electric, Hydrogen, Solar energy
Powered Yes
Self-propelled Yes
Wheels 3–4
Axles 1–2
Inventor Ferdinand Verbiest

Vehicles in use per country from 2001 to 2007. It shows the significant growth in BRIC.

World map of passenger cars per 1000 people
A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation. Most definitions of the term specify that cars are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.[3][4] The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, but took much longer to be accepted in Western Europe and other less-developed parts of the world.
Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, and passenger comfort and safety. New controls have also been added to vehicles, making them more complex. Examples include air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use today are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fueled by deflagration of gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel. Both fuels are known to cause air pollution and are also blamed for contributing to climate change and global warming.[5] Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries.
Road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.[6] The costs of car usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring the vehicle, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance,[7] are weighed against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits – perceived and real – of vehicle usage. The benefits may include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence and convenience.[8] The costs to society of encompassing car use, which may include those of: maintaining roads, land use, pollution, public health, health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life, can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that car use generates. The societal benefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of car production and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the tax opportunities. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.[9]